When an excess of electrical activity suddenly occurs in the brain a seizure may ensue. Seizures are commonly manifested as spasms, convulsions, or loss of consciousness, but the exact type of a seizure an individual experiences depends on location and pattern of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures are usually described as either generalized or partial, the former involving the entire brain and the latter only involving a portion of the organ. The cause of such seizures is unknown in about half of all epileptic patients and treatment often entails the use of anticonvulsive drugs. In rare instances, surgery of changes in diet may help provide epileptic relief.

Immunofluorescence was utilized to target the blood brain barrier (BBB) and astroglia in a sagittal section of rat brain tissue. First, the specimen was fixed, permeabilized, blocked with 10-percent normal goat serum, and treated with a cocktail of mouse anti-BBB and rabbit anti-GFAP primary antibodies. Then, to visualize the primary targets, the tissue section was treated with goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (IgG) conjugated to Alexa Fluor 568 and Alexa Fluor 488, respectively. Finally, cell nuclei were labeled with Hoechst 33342. Images were recorded in grayscale with a 12-bit digital camera coupled to a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope equipped with bandpass emission fluorescence filter optical blocks. During the processing stage, individual image channels were pseudocolored with RGB values corresponding to each of the fluorophore emission spectral profiles.