Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) Literature References

Among the few significant shortcomings of conventional high-performance CCD cameras is that very low signal levels typically fall beneath the read noise floor of the sensor, limiting the imaging capabilities in a number of currently productive research areas that demand rapid frame-rate capture at extremely low light levels. An innovative method of amplifying low-light-level signals above the CCD read noise is employed in electron multiplying CCD technology. By incorporating on-chip multiplication gain, the EMCCD achieves, in an all solid-state sensor, the single-photon detection sensitivity typical of intensified or electron-bombarded CCDs at much lower cost and without compromising the quantum efficiency and resolution characteristics of the conventional CCD structure. EMCCDs are the detector system of choice for live-cell imaging in real-time applications

Recommended Literature

Chong, F. K., Coates, C. G., Denvir, D. J., McHale, N., Thornbury, K. and Hollywood, M. Optimization of spinning disk confocal microscopy: synchronization with the ultra-sensitive EMCCD. Proceedings of SPIE 5324: 65-76 (2004).
Coates, C. G., Denvir, D. J., Conroy, E., McHale, N. G., Thornbury, K. D. and Hollywood, M. A. Optimizing low-light microscopy with back-illuminated electron multiplying charge-coupled device: enhanced sensitivity, speed, and resolution. Journal of Biomedical Optics9: 1244-1253 (2004).
Denvir, D. J. and Coates, C. G. Electron multiplying CCD technology: application to ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules. Proceedings of SPIE 4626: 502-512 (2002).
Denvir, D. J. and Conroy, E. Electron multiplying CCDs. Proceedings of SPIE 4877: 55-68 (2002).

Additional Literature Sources

Basden, A. G. and Haniff, C. A. Low light level CCDs and visibility parameter estimation.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347: 1187-1197 (2004).
Burkhardt, M. and Schwille, P. Electron multiplying CCD based detection for spatially resolved fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Optics Express 14: 5013-5020 (2006).
Coates, C. G., Denvir, D. J., McHale, N. G., Thornbury, K. D. and Hollywood, M. A. Ultra-sensitivity, speed and resolution: optimizing low-light microscopy with the back-illuminated electron multiplying CCD. Proceedings of SPIE 5139: 56-66 (2003).
de Vree, G. A., Westra, A. H., Moody, I., van der Have, F., Ligtvoet, K. M. and Beekman, F. J. Photon-counting gamma camera based on an electron-multiplying CCD. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52: 580-588 (2005).
Denvir, D. J. and Conroy, E. Electron multiplying CCD Technology: The new ICCD.Proceedings of SPIE 4796: 164-174 (2003).
Hollenhorst, J. N. A Theory of Multiplication Noise. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices37: 781-788 (1990).
Hynecek, J. CCM-A new low-noise charge carrier multiplier suitable for detection of charge in small pixel CCD image sensors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 39: 1972-1975 (1992).
Hynecek, J. Excess noise and other important characteristics of low light level imaging using charge multiplying CCDs. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 50: 239-245 (2003).
Jerram, P., Pool, P., Bell, R., Burt, D., Bowring, S., Spencer, S., Hazelwood, M., Moody, I., Catlett, N. and Heyes, P. The LLCCD: low light imaging without the need for an intensifier.Proceedings of SPIE 4306: 178-186 (2001).
Kannan, B., Har, J. Y., Liu, P., Maryyama, I., Ding, J. L. and Wohland, T. Electron multiplying charge-coupled device camera based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 78: 3444-3451 (2006).
Mackay, C. D., Tubbs, R. N., Bell, R., Burt, D., Jerram, P. and Moody, I. Sub-electron read noise at MHz pixel rates. Proceedings of SPIE 4306: 289-298 (2001).
Plakhotnik, T., Chennu, A. and Zvyagin, A. V. Statistics of single-electron signals in electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 53: 618-622 (2006).

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