FRAP Literature References
The mobility of a fluorescent protein fusion can be assessed using a technique known as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). In practice, the fluorescently labeled molecules in a small region of the cell are irreversibly photobleached using high laser power, followed by monitoring the subsequent movement of the surrounding non-bleached fluorescent molecules into the photobleached region using low laser power. Fluorescent protein fusions are the tags of choice for use in FRAP because they can be bleached without detectable damage to the cell.
Recommended Literature
- Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Snapp, E. and Kenworthy, A. Studying protein dynamics in living cells. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2: 444-456 (2001).
- White, J. and Stelzer, E. Photobleaching GFP reveals protein dynamics inside live cells.Trends in Cell Biology 9: 61-65 (1999).
- Phair, R. D. and Misteli, T. Kinetic modelling approaches to in vivo imaging. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2: 898-907 (2001).
- Reits, E. A. J. and Neefjes, J. J. From fixed to FRAP: measuring protein mobility and activity in living cells. Nature Cell Biology 3: E145-E147 (2001).
- Seiffert, S. and Oppermann, W. Systematic evaluation of FRAP experiments performed in a confocal laser scanning microscope. Journal of Microscopy 220: 20-30 (2005).
- Klonis, N., Rug, M., Harper, I., Wickham, M., Cowman, A. and Tilley, L. Fluorescence photobleaching analysis for the study of cellular dynamics. European Biophysics Journal31: 36-51 (2002).
- Weiss, M. Challenges and artifacts in quantitative photobleaching experiments. Traffic 5:662-671 (2004).
- Sprague, B. L. and McNally, J. G. FRAP analysis of binding: proper and fitting. Trends in Cell Biology 15: 84-91 (2005).
- Misteli, T. Protein Dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression.Science 291: 843-847 (2001).
- Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Roberts, T. H. and Hirschberg, K. Secretory protein trafficking and organelle dynamics in living cells. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 16:557-589 (2000).
- Gordon, G. W., Chazotte, B., Wang, X. F. and Herman, B. Analysis of simulated and experimental fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Data for two diffusing components. Biophysical Journal 68: 766-778 (1995).
- Lambert, N. A. Uncoupling diffusion and binding in FRAP experiments. Nature Methods 6:183-184 (2009).
- Weiss, M. and Nilsson, T. In a mirror dimly: tracing the movements of molecules in living cells. Trends in Cell Biology 14: 267-273 (2004).
Additional Literature Sources
- Axelrod, D., Koppel, D. E., Schlessinger, J., Elson, E. and Webb, W. W. Mobility measurement by analysis of fluorescence photobleaching recovery kinetics. Biophysical Journal 16:1055-1069 (1976).
- Beaudouin, J., Gerlich, D., Daigle, N., Eils, R. and Ellenberg, J. Nuclear envelope breakdown proceeds by microtubule-induced tearing of the lamina. Cell 108: 83-96 (2002).
- Belgareh, N., Rabut, G., Bai, S. W., van Overbeek, M., Beaudouin, J., Daigle, N., Zatsepina, O. V., Pasteau, F., Lubas, V., Fromont-Racine, M., Ellenberg, J. and Doye, V. An evolutionarily conserved NPC subcomplex, which redistributes in part to kinetochores in mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Biology 154: 1147-1160 (2001).
- Boisvert, F. M., Kruhlak, M. J., Box, A. K., Hendzel, M. J. and Bazett-Jones, D. P. The transcription coactivator CBP is a dynamic component of the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body. Journal of Cell Biology 152: 1099-1106 (2001).
- Braeckmans, K., Peeters, L., Sanders, N. N., De Smedt, S. C. and Demeester, J. Three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with the confocal scanning laser microscope. Biophysical Journal 85: 2240-2252 (2003).
- Braga, J., Desterro, J. M. P. and Carmo-Fonseca, M. Intracellular macromolecular mobility measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with confocal laser scanning microscopes. Molecular Biology of the Cell 15: 4749-4760 (2004).
- Braga, J., McNally, J. G. and Carmo-Fonseca, M. A reaction-diffusion model to study RNA motion by quantitative fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Biophysical Journal92: 2694-2703 (2007).
- Brameshuber, M., Schwarzenbacher, M., Kaltenbrunner, M., Hesch, C., Paster, W., Weghuber, J., Heise, B., Sonnleitner, A., Stockinger, J. H. and Schutz, G. J. Uncoupling diffusion and binding in FRAP experiments. Nature Methods 6: 183-184 (2009).
- Brown, E. B., Shear, J. B., Adams, S. R., Tsien, R. Y. and Webb, W. W. Photolysis of caged calcium in femtoliter volumes using two-photon excitation. Biophysical Journal 76: 489-499 (1999).
- Calapez, A., Pereira, H. M., Calado, A., Braga, J., Rino, J., Carvalho, C., Tavanez, J. P., Wahle, E., Rosa, A. C. and Carmo-Fonseca, M. The intranuclear mobility of messenger RNA binding proteins is ATP dependent and temperature sensitive. Journal of Cell Biology 159: 795-805 (2002).
- Carrero, G., McDonald, D., Crawford, E., de Vries, G. and Hendzel, M. J. Using FRAP and mathematical modeling to determine the in vivo kinetics of nuclear proteins. Methods 29:14-28 (2003).
- Cheutin, T., McNairn, A. J., Jenuwein, T., Gilbert, D. M., Singh, P. B. and Misteli, T. Maintenance of stable heterochromatin domains by dynamic HP1 binding. Science 299: 721-725 (2003).
- Cole, N. B., Smith, C. L., Sciaky, N., Terasaki, M., Edidin, M. and Lippincott-Scwartz, J. Diffusional mobility of Golgi proteins in membranes of living cells. Science 273: 797-801 (1996).
- Coscoy, S., Waharte, F., Gautreau, A., Martin, M., Louvard, D., Mangeat, P., Arpin, M. and Amblard, F. Molecular analysis of microscopic ezrin dynamics by two-photon FRAP.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99: 12813-12818 (2002).
- Daigle, N., Beaudouin, J., Hartnell, L., Imreh, G., Hallberg, E., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. and Ellenberg, J. Nuclear pore complexes form immobile networks and have a very low turnover in live mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Biology 154: 71-84 (2001).
- Dayel, M. J., Horn, E. F. Y. and Verkman, A. S. Diffusion of green fluorescent protein in the aqueous-phase lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. Biophysical Journal 76: 2843-2851 (1999).
- Dobrucki, J. W., Feret, D. and Noatynska, A. Scattering of exciting light by live cells in fluorescence confocal imaging: phototoxic effects and relevance for FRAP studies.Biophysical Journal 93: 1778-1786 (2007).
- Dundr, M., Hoffmann-Rohrer, U., Hu, Q., Grummt, I., Rothblum, L. I., Phair, R. D. and Misteli, T. A kinetic framework for a mammalian RNA polymerase in vivo. Science 298: 1623-1626 (2002).
- Edidin, M., Zagyansky, Y. and Lardner, T. J. Measurement of membrane protein lateral diffusion in single cells. Science 191: 466-468 (1976).
- Essers, J., Houtsmuller, A. B., van Veelen, L., Paulusma, C., Nigg, A. L., Pastink A., Vermeulen, W., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. and Kanaar, R. Nuclear dynamics of RAD52 group homologous recombination proteins in response to DNA damage. The EMBO Journal 21: 2030-2037 (2002).
- Gerlich, D., Beaudouin, J., Gebhard, M., Ellenberg, J. and Eils, R. Four-dimensional imaging and quantitative reconstruction to analyse complex spatiotemporal processes in live cells. Nature Cell Biology 3: 852-857 (2001).
- Gerlich, D., Beaudouin, J., Kalbfuss, B., Daigle, N., Eils, R. and Ellenberg, J. Global chromosome positions are transmitted through mitosis in mammalian cells. Cell 112: 751-764 (2003).
- Goodwin, J. S. and Kenworthy, A. K. Photobleaching approaches to investigate diffusional mobility and trafficking of Ras in living cells. Methods 37: 154-164 (2005).
- Handwerger, K. E., Murphy, C. and Gall, J. G. Steady-state dynamics of cajal body components in the Xenopus germinal vesicle. Journal of Cell Biology 160: 495-504 (2003).
- Haraguchi, T. Live cell imaging: approaches for studying protein dynamics in living cells.Cell Structure and Function 27: 333-334 (2002).
- Houtsmuller, A. B., Rademakers, S., Nigg, A. L., Hoogstraten, D., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. and Vermeulen, W. Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells. Science 284:958-961 (1999).
- Kohler, R. H., Cao, J., Zipfel, W. R., Webb, W. W., Hanson, M. R. Exchange of protein molecules through connections between higher plant plastids. Science 276: 2039-2042 (1997).
- Koster, M., Frahm,T. and Hauser, H. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling revealed by FRAP and FLIP technologies. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16: 28-34 (2005).
- Kruse, C., Jaedicke, A., Beaudouin, J., Bohl, F., Ferring, D., Guttler, T., Ellenberg, J. and Jansen, R. P. Ribonucleoprotein-dependent localization of the yeast clas V myosin Myo4p. Journal of Cell Biology 159: 971-982 (2002).
- Kubitscheck, U., Tschodrich-Rotter, M., Wedekind, P. and Peters, R. Two-photon scanning microphotolysis for three-dimensional data storage and biological transport measurements. Journal of Microscopy 182: 225-233 (1996).
- Levin, M. H., Haggie, P. M., Vetrivel, L. and Verkman, A. S. Diffusion in the endoplasmic reticulum of an aquaporin-2 mutant causing human nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.Journal of Biological Chemistry 276: 21331-21336 (2001).
- Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Roberts, T. H. and Hirschberg, K. Secretory protein trafficking and organelle dynamics in living cells. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 16:557-589 (2000).
- Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Snapp, E. and Kenworthy, A. Studying protein dynamics in living cells. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2: 444-456 (2001).
- Mazza, D., Braeckmans, K., Cella, F., Testa, I., Vercauteren, D., Demeester, J., De Smedt, S. S. and Diaspro, A. A new FRAP/FRAPa method for three-dimensional diffusion measurements based on multiphoton excitation microscopy. Biophysical Journal 95: 3457-3469 (2008).
- McDonnell, J. M. Surface plasmon resonance: towards an understanding of the mechanisms of biological molecular recognition. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 5:572-577 (2001).
- McNairn, A. J., Okuno, Y., Misteli, T. and Gilbert, D. M. Chinese hamster ORC subunits dynamically associate with chromatin throughout the cell-cycle. Experimental Cell Research 308: 345-356 (2005).
- Meyvis, T. K. L., De Smedt, S. C., Oostveldt, P. V. and Demeester, J. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: a versatile tool for mobility and interaction measurements in pharmaceutical research. Pharmaceutical Research 16: 1153-1162 (1999).
- Nehls, S., Snapp, E. L., Cole, N. B., Zaal, K. J. M., Kenworthy, A. K., Roberts, T. H., Ellenberg, J., Presley, J. F., Siggia, E. and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Dynamics and retention of misfolded proteins in native ER membranes. Nature Cell Biology 2: 288-295 (2000).
- Nikonov, A. V., Snapp, E., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. and Kreibich, G. Active translocon complexes labeled with GFP-Dad1 diffuse slowly as large polysome arrays in the endoplasmic reticulum. Journal of Cell Biology 158: 497-506 (2002).
- Olveczky, B. P. and Verkman, A. S. Monte Carlo analysis of obstructed diffusion in three dimensions: application to molecular diffusion in organelles. Biophysical Journal 74:2722-2730 (1998).
- Patterson, G. H., Knobel, S. M., Sharif, W. D., Kain, S. R. and Piston, D. W. Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophysical Journal 73: 2782-2790 (1997).
- Patterson, G. H. and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. A photoactivatable GFP for selective photolabeling of proteins and cells. Science 297: 1873-1877 (2002).
- Pederson, T. Protein mobility within the nucleus - what are the right moves? Cell 104: 635-638 (2001).
- Periasamy, N. and Verkman, A. S. Analysis of fluorophore diffusion by continuous distributions of diffusion coefficients: application to photobleaching measurements of multicomponent and anomalous diffusion. Biophysical Journal 75: 557-567 (1998).
- Phair, R. D. and Misteli, T. High mobility of proteins in the mammalian cell nucleus. Nature404: 604-609 (2000).
- Phair, R. D., Scfaffidi, P., Elbi, C., Vecerova, J., Dey, A., Ozato, K., Brown, D. T., Hager, G., Bustin, M. and Misteli, T. Global nature of dynamic protein-chromatin interactions in vivo: three-dimensional genome scanning and dynamic interaction networks of chromatin proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24: 6393-6402 (2004).
- Presley, J. F., Cole, N. B., Schroer, T. A., Hirschberg, K., Zaal K. J. M. and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. ER-to-Golgi transport visualized in living cells. Nature 389: 81-85 (1997).
- Pucadyil, T. J. and Chattopadhyay, A. Confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of green fluorescent protein in solution. Journal of Fluorescence 16: 87-94 (2006).
- Schaaf, M. J. M. and Cidlowski, J. A. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor mobility in living cells: the importance of ligand affinity. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23:1922-1934 (2003).
- Shav-Tal, Y., Singer, R. H. and Darzacq, X. Imaging gene expression in single living cells.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 5: 856-852 (2004).
- Siggia, E. D., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. and Bekiranov, S. Diffusion in inhomogeneous media: theory and simulations applied to whole cell photobleach recovery. Biophysical Journal79: 1761-1770 (2000).
- Slepchenko, B. M., Schaff, J. C., Carson, J. H. and Loew, L. M. Computational cell biology: spatiotemporal simulation of cellular events. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 31: 423-441 (2002).
- Slepchenko, B. M., Schaff, J. C., Macara, I. and Loew, L. M. Quantitative cell biology with the virtual cell. Trends in Cell Biology 13: 570-576 (2003).
- Smith, A. E., Slepchenko, B. M., Schaff, J. C., Loew, L. M. and Macara, I. G. Systems analysis of ran transport. Science 295: 488-491 (2002).
- Snapp, E. L., Altan, N. and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Measuring protein mobility by photobleaching GFP chimeras in living cells. Current Protocols in Cell Biology 21.1:21.1.1-21.1.24 (2003).
- Song, L., Varma, C. A. G. O., Verhoeven, J. W. and Tanke, H. J. Influence of the triplet excited state on the photobleaching kinetics of fluorescein in microscopy. Biophysical Journal 70:2959-2968 (1996).
- Stavreva, D. A., Muller, W. G., Hager, G. L., Smith, C. L. and McNally, J. G. Rapid glucocorticoid receptor exchange at a promoter is coupled to transcription and regulated by chaperones and proteasomes. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24: 2682-2697 (2004).
- Stenoien, D. L., Nye, A. C., Mancini, M. G., Patel, K., Dutertre, M., O'Malley, B. W., Smith, C. L., Belmont, A. S. and Mancini, M. A. Ligand-mediated assembly and real-time cellular dynamics of estrogen receptor a-coactivator complexes in living cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21: 4404-4412 (2001).
- Swaminathan, R., Hoang, C. P. and Verkman, A. S. Photobleaching recovery and anisotropy decay of green fluorescent protein GFP-S65T in solution and cells: cytoplasmic viscosity probed by green fluorescent protein translational and rotational diffusion. Biophysical Journal 72: 1900-1907 (1997).
- Tour, O., Meijer, R. M., Zacharias, D. A., Adams, S. R. and Tsien, R. Y. Genetically targeted chromophore-assisted light inactivation. Nature Biotechnology 21: 1505-1508 (2003).
- Verkman, A. S. Solute and macromolecule diffusion in cellular aqueous compartments.Trends in Biochemical Sciences 27: 27-33 (2002).
- Wachsmuth, M., Weidemann, T., Muller, G., Hoffmann-Rohrer, U. W., Knoch, T. A., Waldeck, W. and Langowski, J. Analyzing intracellular binding and diffusion with continuous fluorescence photobleaching. Biophysical Journal 84: 3353-3363 (2003).
- Wedekind, P., Kubitscheck, U., Heinrich, O. and Peters, R. Line-scanning microphotolysis for diffraction-limited measurements of lateral diffusion Biophysical Journal 71: 1621-1632 (1996).
- Zaal, K. J. M., Smith, C. L., Polishchuk, R. S., Altan, N., Cole, N. B., Ellenberg, J., Hirschberg, K., Presley, J. F., Roberts, T. H., Siggia, E., Phair, R. D. and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Golgi membranes are absorbed into and reemerge from the ER during mitosis. Cell 99: 589-601 (1999).