Microscope Focus Drift Literature References
Despite the wide variety of technological advances that have occurred in optical microscopy during the past few years, axial fluctuations manifested by slow changes to specimen focus over the course of time-lapse imaging remains a significant problem. The term focus drift is often used to describe the inability of a microscope to maintain the selected focal plane over an extended period of time. This artifact occurs independently of the natural motion in living specimens and is primarily affected by a number of contributing factors. In general, focus drift is more of a problem when using high magnification and numerical aperture oil immersion objectives (having a very shallow depth of focus) than it is for lower magnification (10x and 20x) objectives with wider focal depths.
Additional Literature Sources
- Khodjakov, A. and Rieder, C. L. Imaging the division process in living tissue culture cells.Methods 38: 2-16 (2006).
- Hogan, H. Focusing on the experiment. Biophotonics International 13: 48-51 (2006).
- Kreft, K., Stenovec, M. and Zorec, R. Focus-drift correction in time-lapse confocal imaging.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1048: 321-330 (2005).
- Peters, J. Environmental considerations for live cell imaging. Nikon Application Notes 9: 1-4 (2008).
- Zucker, R. M. Quality assessment of confocal microscopy slide-based systems: Instability.Cytometry 69A: 677-690 (2006).
- Shen, F. Hodgson, L. and Hahn, K. Digital autofocus methods for automated microscopy.Methods in Enzymology 414: 620-632 (2006).
Books and Book Chapters
- Adler, J. and Pagakis, S. N. Reducing image distortions due to temperature-related microscope stage drift. Journal of Microscopy 210: 131-137 (2003).
- Bocker, W., Rolf, W., Muller, W. U., and Streffer C. A fast autofocus unit for fluorescence microscopy. Physics in Biology and Medicine 42: 1981-1992 (1997).
- Boddeke, F. R., Van Vliet, L. J. and Young, I. T. Calibration of the automated z-axis of a microscope using focus functions. Journal of Microscopy 186: 270-274 (1997).
- Bravo-Zanoguera, M. E., Laris, C. A., Nguyen, L. K., Oliva, M. and Price, J. H. Dynamic autofocus for continuous-scanning time-delay-and-integration image acquisition in automated microscopy. Journal of Biomedical Optics 12: 034011 (2007).
- Burglin, T. R. A two-channel four-dimensional imaging recording a view system with automatic drift correction. Journal of Microscopy 200: 75-80 (2000).
- Cervinka, M., Cervinkova, Z. and Rudolf, E. The role of time-lapse fluorescent microscopy in the characterization of toxic effects in cell populations cultivated in vitro. Toxicology in Vitro 22: 1382-1386 (2008).
- Firestone, L., Cook, K., Culp, K., Talsania, N. and Preston, K. Comparison of autofocus methods for automated microscopy. Cytometry 12: 195-206 (1991).
- Geusebroek, J. M., Cornelissen, F., Smeulders, A. W. M. and Geerts, H. Robust autofocusing in microscopy. Cytometry 39: 1-9 (2000).
- Hellen, E. H. and Axelrod, D. An automatic focus/hold system for optical microscopes.Review of Scientific Instruments 61: 3722-3725 (1990).
- Kim K. and Saleh, O. A. Stabilizing method for reflection interference contrast microscopy.Applied Optics 47: 2070-2075 (2008).
- Kreft, K., Vardjan, N., Stenovec, M. and Zorec, R. Lateral drift correction in time-lapse images by the particle-tracking algorithm. European Biophysics Journal 37: 1119-1125 (2008).
- LeSage, A. J. and Kron, S. J. Design and implementation of algorithms for focus automation in digital imaging time-lapse microscopy. Cytometry 49: 159-169 (2002).
- Oliva, M. A., Bravo-Zanoguera, M. E. and Price, J. Autofocus for phase-contrast microscopy: Investigation of causes of nonunimodality. Proceedings of SPIE 3260: 174-179 (1998).
- Price, J. H. and Gough, D. A. Comparison of phase contrast and fluorescence digital autofocus for scanning microscopy. Cytometry 16: 283-297 (1994).
- Santos, A., Ortiz de Solorzano, C., Vaquero, J. J., Pena, J. M., Malpica, N. and Del Pozo, F.Evaluation of autofocus functions in molecular cytogenetic analysis. Journal of Microscopy 188: 264-272 (1997).
- Shen, F., Hodgson, L., Price, J. H. and Hahn, K. M. Digital differential interference contrast autofocus for high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy. Cytometry 73A: 658-666 (2008).
- Wolf, F. and Geley, S. A simple and stable autofocusing protocol for long multidimensional live cell microscopy. Journal of Microscopy 221: 72-77 (2006).
- Sun, Y. Duthaler, S. and Nelson, B. J. Autofocusing in computer microscopy: Selecting the optimal focus algorithm. Microscopy Research and Technique 65: 139-149 (2004).
- Shen F., Hodgson, L., Price, J. H. and Hahn, K. M. Digital differential interference contrast autofocus for high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy. Cytometry 73A: 658-666 (2008).